The protective effect of celery ethanol extract on oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease rat model
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Abstract
Background
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious health problem in which oxidative stress plays an important role. Oxidative stress is an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defense, where antioxidants have the potential to inhibit CKD progression. Celery contains several substances that have an antioxidant effect. This study aimed to evaluate the administration of celery ethanol extract in the prevention of the progressive damage in CKD caused by oxidative stress in male rats.
Methods
Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham operation (SO, n=4), subtotal nephrectomy (SN, n=4), SN+celery ethanol extract 200 mg/kg BW (SN+S1, n=4), SN+celery ethanol extract 250 mg/kg BW (SN+S2, n=4), SN+celery ethanol extract 300 mg/kg BW (SN+S3, n=4). The celery ethanol extract was given for 14 days before induction of CKD and 21 days after induction of the CKD rat model. Serum creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were examined in this study. Data were analyzed by One way ANOVA followed by LSD test for creatinine, MDA, SOD, and Kruskal Wallis test for GSH.
Results
There were significant between-group differences in serum creatinine, SOD, and MDA (p<0.05), but not in GSH (p>0.05). The administration of celery ethanol extract at 250 mg/kg BW was the most effective in preventing an increase in MDA and a decrease in SOD and GSH.
Conclusion
Celery ethanol extract has the potential to prevent oxidative stress in the CKD rat model.
Article Details
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References
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Ling XC, Kuo K. Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. Ren Replace Ther 2018;4:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41100-018-0195-2
Sridhar AVSSN, Rao PVLNS, Sivakumar V, et al. Study of oxidant and anti oxidant status in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Clin Sci Res 2018;7:124–30. doi: 10.4103/JCSR.JCSR_ 45_18.
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Zhu LH, Bao TH, Deng Y, Li H, Chen LX. Constituents from Apium graveolens and their anti-inflammatory effects. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2017;19:1079-86. doi: 10.1080/10286020.2017. 1381687.
Kooti W, Ali-akbari S, Asadi-samani M, Ghadery H, Ashtary-larky DA. Review on medicinal plant of Apium graveolens. Adv Herb Med 2014;1:48–59.
Khairullah AR, Solikhah TI, Ansori ANM, et al. Review on the pharmacological and health aspects of Apium graveolens L or celery: an update. Sys Rev Pharm 2021;12:606–12.
Afifah A, Muflikhah K, Lestari T, Sutrisna E, Kirana AS, Prastiwi SD. The protective effect of celery (Apium graveolens L.) ethanol extract on anemia in 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy rat model. Univ Med 2020;39:12–8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/UnivMed.2020.v39.12-18.
Li P, Jia J, Zhang D, Xie J, Xu X, Wei D. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of a flavonoid isolated from celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce). Food Funct 2014;5:50–6. DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60273g.
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Sari DCR, Putri MW, Leksono TP, et al. Calcitriol ameliorates kidney injury through reducing podocytopathy, tubular injury, inflammation and fibrosis in 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy model in rats. Kobe J Med Sci 2020;65:153–63.
Nainggolan M, Sinaga KR, Sinaga SM, Nugraha SE. Activity of ethyl acetate fraction of celery herb (Apium graveolens L.) on creatinine and urea level in ethylene glycol induced rats. Int Res J Pharm 2018;9:70–2. doi: 10.7897/2230-8407. 0910228.
Granata S, Dalla Gassa A, Tomei P, Lupo A, Zaza G. Mitochondria: a new therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease. Nutr Metab 2015;12:1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12986-015-0044-z.
Layal K, Perdhana IS, Louisa M, Estuningtyas A, Soetikno V. The effects of quercetin on oxidative stress and fibrosis markers in chronic kidney disease rat model. Med J Indones 2017;26:169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v26i3.1462.
Kooti W, Daraei N. A review of the antioxidant activity of celery (Apium graveolens L). J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017;22:1029–34. DOI: 10.1177/2156587217717415.
Ravichandran H, Magesh A. Phytochemical analysis of two medicinal plants Dicorea bulbifera and Apium graveooslons. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2015;33:344–7.
Jung WS, Chung IM, Kim SH, Kim MY, Ahmad A, Praveen N. In vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids from celery (Apium graveolens) leaves. J Med Plants Res 2011;5: 7022–30. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1129.
Huyut Z, Beydemir, Gülçin I. Antioxidant and antiradical properties of selected flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Biochem Res Int 2017;2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7616791.
Banjarnahor SDS, Artanti N. Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Med J Indones 2014;23: 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v23i4.1015.
Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sc 2016;5:e47. doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.41.
Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: antioxidant activity and health effects - a review. J Funct Foods 2015;18:820–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018.1. Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease – a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016;11:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158765.
Ling XC, Kuo K. Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. Ren Replace Ther 2018;4:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41100-018-0195-2
Sridhar AVSSN, Rao PVLNS, Sivakumar V, et al. Study of oxidant and anti oxidant status in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Clin Sci Res 2018;7:124–30. doi: 10.4103/JCSR.JCSR_ 45_18.
Sukketsiri W, Chonpathompikunlert P, Tanasawet S, Choosri N, Wongtawatchai T. Effects of Apium graveolens extract on the oxidative stress in the liver of adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2016;21:79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2016.21.2.79
Zhu LH, Bao TH, Deng Y, Li H, Chen LX. Constituents from Apium graveolens and their anti-inflammatory effects. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2017;19:1079-86. doi: 10.1080/10286020.2017. 1381687.
Kooti W, Ali-akbari S, Asadi-samani M, Ghadery H, Ashtary-larky DA. Review on medicinal plant of Apium graveolens. Adv Herb Med 2014;1:48–59.
Khairullah AR, Solikhah TI, Ansori ANM, et al. Review on the pharmacological and health aspects of Apium graveolens L or celery: an update. Sys Rev Pharm 2021;12:606–12.
Afifah A, Muflikhah K, Lestari T, Sutrisna E, Kirana AS, Prastiwi SD. The protective effect of celery (Apium graveolens L.) ethanol extract on anemia in 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy rat model. Univ Med 2020;39:12–8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/UnivMed.2020.v39.12-18.
Li P, Jia J, Zhang D, Xie J, Xu X, Wei D. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of a flavonoid isolated from celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce). Food Funct 2014;5:50–6. DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60273g.
Arifin WN, Zahiruddin WM. Sample size calculation in animal studies using resource equation approach. Malays J Med Sci 2017;24: 101–5. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.11.
Sari DCR, Putri MW, Leksono TP, et al. Calcitriol ameliorates kidney injury through reducing podocytopathy, tubular injury, inflammation and fibrosis in 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy model in rats. Kobe J Med Sci 2020;65:153–63.
Nainggolan M, Sinaga KR, Sinaga SM, Nugraha SE. Activity of ethyl acetate fraction of celery herb (Apium graveolens L.) on creatinine and urea level in ethylene glycol induced rats. Int Res J Pharm 2018;9:70–2. doi: 10.7897/2230-8407. 0910228.
Granata S, Dalla Gassa A, Tomei P, Lupo A, Zaza G. Mitochondria: a new therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease. Nutr Metab 2015;12:1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12986-015-0044-z.
Layal K, Perdhana IS, Louisa M, Estuningtyas A, Soetikno V. The effects of quercetin on oxidative stress and fibrosis markers in chronic kidney disease rat model. Med J Indones 2017;26:169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v26i3.1462.
Kooti W, Daraei N. A review of the antioxidant activity of celery (Apium graveolens L). J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017;22:1029–34. DOI: 10.1177/2156587217717415.
Ravichandran H, Magesh A. Phytochemical analysis of two medicinal plants Dicorea bulbifera and Apium graveooslons. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2015;33:344–7.
Jung WS, Chung IM, Kim SH, Kim MY, Ahmad A, Praveen N. In vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids from celery (Apium graveolens) leaves. J Med Plants Res 2011;5: 7022–30. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1129.
Huyut Z, Beydemir ª, Gülçin I. Antioxidant and antiradical properties of selected flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Biochem Res Int 2017;2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7616791.
Banjarnahor SDS, Artanti N. Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Med J Indones 2014;23: 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v23i4.1015.
Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sc 2016;5:e47. doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.41.
Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: antioxidant activity and health effects - a review. J Funct Foods 2015;18:820–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018.