HIV-1 drug resistance-associated mutations in relation to viral load among HIV/AIDS patients at Dr. M. Djamil-Hospital Padang
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background
According to the WHO, 38 million people suffer from HIV worldwide and according to the HIV Drug Resistance Report, the prevalence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) resistance is 3-29%. Drug resistance-associated mutations (DRAMs) are the presence of one or more HIV mutations that reduce the ability of certain drugs to inhibit viral replication and that will increase viral replication and HIV RNA, which can lead to therapeutic failure. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV-1 DRAMs among patients with chronic HIV-1 infections and to compare HIV RNA viral load between M184V and K103N mutations.
Methods
A cross-sectional was conducted involving 80 patients with HIV who met the inclusion criteria. The study subjects were examined for genotype and HIV RNA viral load, both using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Results
The overall drug resistance mutation prevalence was 10.0%. The most common mutations were M184V and K103N. There was a significant difference between the median HIV RNA viral load counts in patients with either M184V or K103N, and with both M184V and K103N mutations, the values being 45.420, 13.207, and 97.517 copies/mL, respectively (p<0.001).
Conclusion
The HIV RNA viral load count was higher in the mutation group than in the group without mutation. Long-term and ongoing surveillance of HIV DRAMs among these patients is necessary, which will help us to adjust the treatment regimen.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal allows the authors to hold the copyright without restrictions and allow the authors to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
References
UNAIDS. Global HIV and AIDS statistics - fact sheet;2022.
World Health Organization. HIV drug resistance report 2019. Geneva:World Health Organization. 2019.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Profil kesehatan Indonesa tahun 2019. Jakarta : Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2020. Indonesian.
Kusumaningrum A, Ibrahim F, Yunihastuti E, Bela B. HIV drug resistance after failure of 6 month first-line therapy in a hospital: a case series. Acta Med Indones 2019;51:253–7.
Beyrer C, Pozniak A. HIV drug resistance - an emerging threat to epidemic control. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1605–7. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMp1710608.
Zhang Y, Ma L. Application of high-throughput sequencing technology in HIV drug resistance detection. Biosaf Heal 2021;3:276–80. doi: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.06.002.
World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
World Health Organization. HIV drug resistance report 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
Zuo Z, Liang S, Sun X, et al. Drug resistance and virological failure among HIV-infected patients after a decade of antiretroviral treatment expansion in eight province of China. PLoS ONE 2016;11:1-13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0166661.
Maruapula D, MacLeod I, Essex M, et al. Use of a mutation specific genotyping method to asses for HIV subtype C infected patients in Bostwana. AAS Open Res 2021;7:1-20. doi: 10.12688/ aasopenres.13107.2.
Li Q, Yu F, Song C, et al. A concentration method for HIV drug resistance testing in low-level viremia samples. Biomed Res Int 2022;2022: 2100254. doi: 10.1155/2022/2100254.
Khairunisa SQ, Megasari NLA, Indriati DW, et al. Identification of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1-infected individuals residing in Pontianak, Indonesia. Germs 2020;10:174-183. doi: 10.18683/germs. 2020.1203.
Hutapea H, Fitriana E, Natalia I, Wahyuni T, Adiningsih S, Widiyanti M. Description of mutation cases related to antitroviral resistance in people with HIV-AIDS (PLWHA) in three districts/cities in Papua Province. Papua Litbangkes Cent 2018;1–8.
Wallis CL, Aga E, Ribaudo H,et al. A5230 team. Drug susceptibility and resistance mutations after first-line failure in resource limited settings. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:706-15. doi: 10.1093/cid/ ciu314.
Al-Omairi O, Elgalib A, Al Kindi H. HIV drug resistance among patients failing therapy at a tertiary centre in Oman: a case record review. Oman Med J 2019; 34:491-5. doi: 10.5001/omj. 2019.91.
Scriven YA, Mulinge MM, Saleri N, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in treatment-experienced patients in Nairobi, Kenya: A cross-sectional study. Med (United States) 2021;100: E27460. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000027460.
Seu L, Mulenga L, Mpanji S, Sikazwe L, Guffey M, Chi B. Characterization of HIV drug resistance mutations among patients failing first line antiretroviral therapy from a tertiary referral center in Lusaka, Zambia. J Med Virol 2015;87: 1149-57. doi :
Mulisa D, Tolossa T, Bayisa L, Abera T, Wakuma B. First-line virologic-based ART treatment failure and associated factors among adult HIV Positives in Southwest Shoa, Central Ethiopia. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2022;21: 23259582221111080. doi: 10.1177/ 23259582221111080.
Zhang F, Dou Z, Ma Y, et al. Five-year outcomes of the China national free antiretroviral treatment program. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:241-51, W-52. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00006.
World Health Organization. WHO manual for HIV drug resistance testing using dried blood spot specimens. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
Hutapea HML, Kridaningsih TN, Prasetyo KH, Antwi MB. Viral load as a risk factor of reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug resistance mutation in antiretroviral-treated people living with HIV/AIDS. Univ Med 2021;40:243–53. doi: 10.18051/UnivMed.2021.v40.243-253.