Application of international classification of functioning, disability and health in salat: a scoping review

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Published: 2025-12-04
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18051/UnivMed.2025.v44.%25p
Keywords:
Functional outcome, health benefit, muslim prayer, salat, International Classification of Functioning, disability, health

Main Article Content

Irma Ruslina Defi
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-727X
Intan Sabrina Mohamad
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hospital Sultan Idris Shah, Serdang, Malaysia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9818-3746
Nuzula Chafidh Al Barqi
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residential Training Program, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia; Sartika Asih Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1601-4214
Adziqa Ammara Qiantori
Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4324-5831
Andri Qiantori
Telkom University, Bandung, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6517-0824

Abstract

Background
Salat has been linked to physical, cognitive, emotional and psychological health benefits. This scoping review classifies the health benefits of salat based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) conceptual framework. The ICF illustrates how Salat may be used as a multi-modal and multidisciplinary framework to rehabilitate clients with different conditions tailored to their clinical, psychosocial and environmental contexts.

Purpose
To conduct a scoping review on the health benefits of salat (muslim prayer) based on the ICF conceptual framework.

Methods
A literature review was conducted from February to April 2023 using PubMed, EBSCO, and the Scopus Library databases. Articles published between 2012 and 2023 were retrieved using the following keywords: "impact" OR "effect" OR "health benefit" OR "functional outcome" AND "shalat" OR "Muslim prayer" OR "Salat”. Health benefits of salat were subsequently categorised into five domains of the ICF.

Results
A total of 596 articles were identified through PubMed (404), EBSCO (124), and Scopus (68).  Thirty-one records met the predefined inclusion criteria: 21 original articles, two systematic reviews, five literature reviews, one case study, one case series, and one short report. Salat had positive benefits on the cardiorespiratory, haematological, immunological, mental and neuromuscular functions. Salat may serve as a coping mechanism to reduce stress and depression. The frequency and duration of salat had positive associations with maintaining employment, social support and better quality of life.

Conclusion
Salat is associated with many health benefits, which can be categorised systematically and summarised using the ICF conceptual framework. 

Article Details

Issue

Vol. 44 No. 3 (2025): Ahead Of Print

Section

Review Article
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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How to Cite

Application of international classification of functioning, disability and health in salat: a scoping review. (2025). Universa Medicina, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.18051/UnivMed.2025.v44.%p

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