Spatial modeling of the spread of scabies and environmental sanitation as a risk factor among schoolchildren: a case-control study
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Scabies is a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease common in children in low-and middle-income countries. The prevalence of scabies, especially in tropical countries, is still quite high at more than 200 million cases per year. Transmission of scabies is predominantly via skin-to-skin contact. The purpose of the study was to determine the epidemiology of clinical scabies among schoolchildren and spatial modeling using geographic information systems (GIS).
METHODS
A study of unmatched case-control design with a ratio of 1: 1 was performed to identify specific risk factors of scabies. Cases were patients with clinical scabies and controls were healthy people in the area. A total of 100 students were involved in the study. Simple and multiple logistic regression was used to test any association between the variables. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) modeling was used to determine the spatial distribution of clinical scabies based on 69 cases.
RESULT
There was a significant association between the level of environmental sanitation and the prevalence of clinical scabies (OR = 2.53;95% C.I. 1.11-5.74). Multivariate analysis showed that the level of environmental sanitation was significant (AOR = 3.05;95% C.I. 1.19-7.81). Risk factors for developing clinical scabies increased to 3 times after considering other risk factors, namely gender, age group and respondent education level. Analysis of average nearest neighbor distance showed that the spatial distribution of clinical scabies was clustered.
CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of clinical scabies was spatial clustering, and prediction of transmission in a clockwise direction with Southeast and Northwest ellipses.
Article Details
The journal allows the authors to hold the copyright without restrictions and allow the authors to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
References
Karimkhani C, Colombara D V, Drucker AM, et al. The global burden of scabies: a cross sectional analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:1247–54. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30483-8.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2013. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2014.
Engelman D, Steer AC. Control strategies for scabies. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018;3:98. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030098.
Alasaad S, Permunian R, Gakuya F, Mutinda M, Soriguer RC, Rossi L. Sarcoptic-mange detector dogs used to identify infected animals during outbreaks in wildlife. BMC Vet Res 2012;8:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-110.
Alasaad S, Granados JE, Fandos P, Cano-Manuel F-J, Soriguer RC, Pérez JM. The use of radio-collars for monitoring wildlife diseases: a case study from Iberian ibex affected by Sarcoptes scabiei in Sierra Nevada, Spain. Parasit Vectors 2013;6:242. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-242.
Tsutsumi M, Nishiura H, Kobayashi T. Dementia-specific risks of scabies: retrospective epidemiologic analysis of an unveiled nosocomial outbreak in Japan from 1989–90. BMC Infectious Diseases 2005;5:85.
Ejigu K, Haji Y, Toma A, Tadesse BT. Factors associated with scabies outbreaks in primary schools in Ethiopia: a case–control study. Res Rep Trop Med 2019;10:119-27. doi: 10.2147/RRTM.S214724.
Elliott P, Wakefield J, Best N, Briggs D. Spatial epidemiology: methods and applications. Oxford : Oxford University Press;2009. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515326.001.0001.
Diggle P. Applied spatial statistics for public health data. J Am Stat Ass 2012;100:702-3. https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2005.s15.
Sabel CE, Lötöne M. Cluster of disease. In: GIS in Public Health Practice. Maheswaran R, Craglia. eds. Boca Raton: CRC Press;2014.p:51-68.
Lai PC, So FM, Chan KW. Spatial epidemiological approaches in disease mapping and analysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press;2009. p.58–65.
Korte LM, Bowen AC, Draper ADK, et al. Scabies and impetigo in Timor-Leste: a school screening study in two districts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018;12: e0006400. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006400.
Kaburi BB, Ameme DK, Adu-Asumah G, et al. Outbreak of scabies among preschool children, Accra, Ghana, 2017. BMC Public Health 2019;19:746. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7085-6
Sara J, Haji Y, Gebretsadik A. Scabies outbreak investigation and risk factors in East Badewacho District, Southern Ethiopia: unmatched case control study. Dermatol Res Pract 2018;7276938. doi: 10.1155/2018/7276938.
Liu JM, Hsu RJ, Chang FW, et al. Increase the risk of intellectual disability in children with scabies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96: e7108. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007108.
Mason DS, Marks M, Sokana O, et al. The prevalence of scabies and impetigo in the Solomon Islands: a population-based survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004803. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004803.
Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, Koroivueta J, et al. The epidemiology of scabies and impetigo in relation to demographic and residential characteristics: baseline findings from the Skin Health Intervention Fiji trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017;97:845–50. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0753.
Hegab DS, Kato AM , Kabbash AI, Dabish GM. Scabies among primary schoolchildren in Egypt: sociomedical environmental study in Kafr El-Sheikh administrative area. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015;8:105–11. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S78287
Ugbomoiko US, Oyedeji SA, Babamale OA, Heukelbach J. Scabies in resource-poor communities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria: epidemiology, clinical features and factors associated with infestation. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018;3:59. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed302005.
Inakanti Y. An old disease in new look - short review of literature: scabies. Int J Clin Case Reports 2015;5:1–5.
Fuller LC. Epidemiology of scabies. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013;26:123–6. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835eb851.
Davis JS, McGloughlin S, Tong SYC, Walton SF, Currie BJ. A novel clinical grading scale to guide the management of crusted scabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7: e2387. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002387.
Arlian LG, Morgan MS. A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: past, present and future. Parasites Vectors 2017;10: 297. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2234-1.