Clinical manifestations of upper respiratory tract infection in children at Kalideres Community Health Center, West Jakarta
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The National Household Health Survey showed that the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) in Indonesia was high. The objectives of the study were to investigate the clinical manifestations of URI, its bacterial spectrum and sensitivity.
Methods
A cross sectional study was carried out involving one hundred children with symptoms of URI i.e. fever, cough and or runny nose. The data of demography, physical sign, hematology, bacterial spectrum and sensitivity were collected.
Results
The prevalence of URI was higher in male, younger age, smoker family, low educated, low income family, and polluted environment. The manifestations of URI were rhinopharyngitis (52%), pharyngitis (18%), rhinitis (12%), tonsilopharyngitis (10%), and tonsillitis (8%). The isolated bacteria were S. aureus, S. b hemolyticus, K. pneumoniae, C. diphtheriae, S. albus and S. anhemolyticus. S. aureus was higher in male than in female (p<0.01), while S. aureus, S. â hemolyticus, and C. bacterium diphtheriae were higher in preschool age children (p<0.01), and K. pneumoniae were higher in infants (p<0.01). S. aureus, and S. â hemolyticus were higher in children with under-nutrition, while in normal nutrition were of K. pneumonia and C diphtheriae (p<0.01). Most bacteria were intermediate and resistant to fourteen tested antibiotics.
Conclusion
The manifestations of URI were rhinopharyngitis (52%), pharyngitis (18%), rhinitis (12%), tonsilopharyngitis (10%), and tonsillitis (8%), each of which could be associated with the complication and accompanying disease. The pathogenic bacterial spectrum of the throat consisted of S. aureus, S. â hemolyticus, K. pneumonia, and C. diphtheriae.
Article Details
The journal allows the authors to hold the copyright without restrictions and allow the authors to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
References
Tim Survei Kesehatan Nasional. Survei Kesehatan Nasional 2001. Laporan SKRT 2001: Studi morbiditas dan disabilitas. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2002.
Bahl R, Bhan MK. Clinical management of acute respiratory infections in children. Annales Nestle 2000; 58: 49-57.
Mossad SB. Upper Respiratory Infections. The Cleveland Clinic; 2005. Available at: http:www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/ disease management/infectious disease/urti/urti.htm. Accessed Januari 14, 2007.
Del Mar C. Understanding the global burden of acute respiratory infections. Annales Nestle 2000; 58: 41-8.
Nokso-Koivisto J. Viral upper respiratory tract infections in young Children (academic dissertation). Helsinki: University of Helsinki; 2004.
Spicer WJ. Clinical Bacteriology, Mycology, and Parasitology. 1st ed. Edinburgh; Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
Kummeling I, Stelm FF, Dagnelie PC, Snijders BEP, Penders J, Huber M, et al. Early life exposure to antibiotics and the subsequent development of eczema, wheeze, and allergic sensitization in the first 2 years of life: The KOALA Birth cohort study. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 225-31.
Turner RB, Hayden GF. The common cold. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 1389-91.
Hayden GF, Turner RB. Acute pharyngitis In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p 1393-4.
Wetmore RF. Tonsils and adenoids In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 1396-7.
Paradise JL. Otitis media. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 2138-49.
Pappas DE, Hendley JO. Sinusitis In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 1391-3.
Murray P, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed. Washington DC ASM Press: 2003.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2001. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing – 10th informational supplement. M100-s11.
Cruz JR, Pareja G, de Fernandez A. Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections among Guatemalan ambulatory preschool children. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: S1029-34 cited by Del Mar C. Understanding the global burden of acute respiratory infections. Annales Nestle 2000; 58: 41-8.
Karevold G, Kvestad E, Nafstad P, Kvaerner KJ. Respiratory infections in schoolchildren: co-morbidity and risk factors. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 391-5.
Koch A, Melbak K, Homoe P, Sorensen P, Hjuler T, Olesen ME et al. Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in young Greenlandic children. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 374-84.
Brauer M, Hoek G, Van Vliet P, Meliefste K, Fischer PH, Wijga A. et al. Air pollution from fraffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1092-8.
Kvaerner KJ, Nafstad P, Jaakkola JJK. Upper respiratory morbidity in preschool Children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126:1201-6.
Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA, Jawetz M. Medical Microbiology. 23th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill; 2004.
Homoe P, Prag J, Farholt S, Henrichsen J, Hornsleth A, Kilian M, et al. High rate of nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens among children in Greenland: results of a clinical survey of middle-ear disease. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 1081-90.
Faden H, Duffy L, Wasielewski R, Wolf J, Krystofik D, Tung Y. Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 1440-5.
Peerbooms PGH, Engelen MN, Stokman DAJ, van Benthem BHB, van Weert ML, Bruisten SM, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of potential bacterial pathogens related to day-care attendance, with special reference to the molecular epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2832-6.
Sulikowska A, Grzesiowski P, Sadowy E, Fiett JHryniewics W. Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniar, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated from the nasopharynges of asymptomatic children and molecular analysis of S. pneumoniae and H. Influenzae strain replacement in the nasopharynx. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3942-9.
Garbutt J, Geme JWSt, May A, Storch GH, Shackelford PG. Developing community-specificrecommendations for first-line treatment of acute otitis media: Is high-dose amoxicillin necessary? Pediatrics 2004; 114: 342-7.
Kim S, Lee NY. Epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of group A streptococci isolated from healthy schoolchildren in Kores. J Antimicr Chemother 2004; 54: 447-50.
Dejsirilet S, Overweg K, Sluijter M, Saengsuk L, Gratten M, Ezaki T, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children with acute respiratory tract infections in Thailand: a molecular epidemiological survey. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1832-8.
Bogaert D, Ha NT, Sluijter M, Lemmens N, de Groot R, Hermans PWM. Molecular epidemiology of pneumococcal carriage among children with URI in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3903-8.
Quinones F, Algorta G, Brilla E, Mendes S, Gutierrez J, Palacios M, et al. Resistance profile of Stretococcus pneumoniae and betalactamase production in Hemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated from children with upper respiratory tract infections in Latin America 2002/2003. The 24th International Congress of Pediatrics, Cancun, Mexico, August 15-20, 2004.
Watson RL, Dowell SF, Jayaraman M, Keyserling H, Kolezak M, Schwartz B. Antimicrobial use for pediatric upper respiratory infections: reported practice, actual practice, and parent beliefs. Pediatrics 1999; 104: 1251-7.
Nafaz H, Smith DS, Mazhari R, Katz DL. Concordance of clinical findings and clinical judgement in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7:1104-9.
Fahey T, Stocks N, Thomas T. Systematic review of the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. Arch Dis Child 1998; 79:225-30.
Nyquist AM, Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Sande MA. Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis. JAMA 1998; 279: 875-7.
Danchin MH, Curtis N, Nolan TM, Carapetis JR. Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out? MJA 2002; 177: 512-5.
Akkerman AE, van der Wouden JC, Kuyvenhoven MM, Dieleman JP, Verheij TJM. Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections in Dutch primary care in relation to patient age and clinical entities. L Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 1116-21.
Gaur H, Hare ME, Shorr RI. Provider and practice characteristics associated with antibiotic use in children with presumed viral respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 635-41.
Linder JA, Bates DW, Lee GM, Finkelstein JA. Antibiotic treatment of children with sore throat. JAMA 2005; 294: 2315-22.
Rovers MM, Balemans WAF, Sanders EAM, van der Ent CK, Zielhuis GA, Schilder AGM. Persistence of upper respiratory tract infections in a cohort followed from childhood to adulthood. Fam Practice 2006; 23: 286-90.
Huang N, Morlock L, Lee CH, Chen LS, Chou JC. Antibiotic prescribing for children with nasopharyngitis (common cold), upper respiratory infections, and bronchitis who have health-professional parents. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 826-32.
Pichichero ME. Understanding antibiotic overuse for respiratory infections in children. Pediatrics 1999; 104: 1384-8.
Garbutt JM, Goldstein M, Gellman E, Shannon W, Littenberg B. A randomized, placebo-controlled train of antimicrobial treatment for children with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 619-25.
McIsaac WJ, Goel V, To T, Low DE. The validity of a sore throat score in family practice. CMAJ 2000; 163: 811-8.
Garbutt J, Jeffe DB, Shackelford P. Diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media: an assessment. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 143-9.
Dollman WB, LeBlanc VT, Stevens L, O’Connor PJ, Turnidge JD. A community-based intervention to reduce antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections in regional South Australia. MJA 2005; 182: 617-20.
Auyard Y, Boucot I, Brahimi N. Comparative efficacy and safety of four-day cefuroxime axetil and ten-day penicillin treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children.Pediatr Inf Dis J 1995; 14: 295-300 cited by Bahl R, Bhan MK. Clinical management of acute respiratory infections in chidren. Annales Nestle 2000; 58: 49-57.
McIsaac WJ, White D, Tannenbaum D, Low DE. A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. CMAJ 1998; 158: 75-83.